Armistice Day Treaty of World War I
Most of the First World War was a non-moving trench war, which seemed endless. However, in the spring of 1918, the German Army tried to overpower the Allied Forces on the Western Front, and indeed, for the first time in more than three years, the front-line moved significantly. But soon the German soldiers were exhausted, and in the summer of 1918, the Allied troops launched a counter-attack in Belgium and France. Everywhere, the Germans were driven back. The German army disintegrated and its soldiers were demoralized, notwithstanding the situation in Germany (food shortages, etc) which was very bad.
Following a mutiny by its sailors (November 3, 1918) and soldiers, the German government of Max von Baden asked President Woodrow Wilson of USA to negotiate for a ceasefire. Wilson had some difficulties persuading the French and the British. However, after Wilson agreed to accept changes concerning reparations, the Armistice was signed at Compiegne in France, on 11 November, 1918 (The real Peace Treaty was signed much later, on the 28 June 1919 in Versailles).
Meanwhile, the German government and Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9th. Wilhelm fled to Holland, where he obtained asylum. On November 11, the Austrian Emperor Karl I also abdicated. In Germany, a republic was installed on November 9.
On November 11, the Belgium Army had come close to the city of Gent, and the British had captured the city of Mons. In France the front-line, everywhere, was close to the Belgium border and then went further south close to Metz. In any case, most of Belgium (including the cities of Antwerp, Brussels and Liege) were still occupied by the Germans on Armistice Day. The time and desperation for Armistice day had come.
In a forest near Compiègne (France), early in the morning of November 7, a train carrying Marshal Foch of France, his staff and British officers arrived; and another train arrived on a track close to it, with a delegation from the German government seeking an armistice.
For three days the two parties discussed the terms of an armistice until 05:05 hours on 11 November 1918. Matthias Erzberger, the leader of the German delegation, and one of the new German leaders, signed The Armistice document. Within 6 hours the war would be over. The Armistice was to take effect at 11 o'clock, on the 11th day, of the 11th month.
The conditions of the armistice were put down in thirty-four articles. They were tough and uncompromising. The German army would give up all the territory it had occupied and this would include Alsace and Lorraine (which were part of France before 1870, but became a part of Germany after that). Furthermore the Allies would occupy the west of Germany up to the left bank of the Rhine. Other articles accounted for their submarine and High Seas fleets, and the provision of reparations for France and Belgium.
On 11 November 1918, most of Belgium was still occupied by (fleeing) German troops. That is, only some cities and villages (like Bruges, Mons, etc.) had really been liberated by Belgium or British troops. But of course, on the November 11, people of Belgium celebrated the end of war, and that they were in fact free again. Even so, the military regime and the presence of soldiers did not really and suddenly end on November 11. In Belgium, November 11 is called Wapenstilstandsdag (Armistice Day'), and not something like 'Freedom Day' or 'Liberation Day'.
I don't know if the Armistice was celebrated already in 1919 in Belgium (it was in Britain and France); I suppose so, but I am not sure. Certainly, it was celebrated on November 11 from then on.
On 11 November 1921, a Belgium 'Unknown Soldier' (an unidentified body) was buried in Brussels, and it became the national monument of WW1. On the Armistice Day, there is a military parade in Brussels, and wreaths are laid on the grave of the Unknown Soldier. The parade is attended by the King and political and military leaders who pay their homage to the dead.
Between the two world wars, in every city and village of Belgium, there were remembrance ceremonies on November 11. Wreaths were laid at the local war memorial (which you can find in almost every Belgium city or village), and the names of the fallen were read aloud. Often a religious service accompanied this, and in the larger villages and cities there were other activities.
Even today, most cities have their own celebrations on the Armistice Day, which is an official holiday in Belgium. The celebrations take place around local war memorials. Certainly the most important celebration (apart from Brussels) is in Ieper. After the Second World War, May 8 was chosen as the day to celebrate the liberation of Belgium, and it still exists as a special day of remembrance for veterans, but it is not an official remembrance day. Instead, the remembrance of the Second World War has been incorporated in the remembrances of the November 11.
Sikhs remember the dead
More than 30 different nationalities were engaged in the Ypres Salient including the Sikhs. This is the reason why Armistice day is important to the Sikh Nation and Sikhs have been participating in the annual peace celebrations since November 11, 1998.
On 6th August 1914, the War Council asked the British Indian government to send two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade to Egypt. The Lahore and the Meerut Divisions were chosen, later followed by the Secunderabad Cavalry Brigade, which together formed the Indian Army Corps. On 27th August the British Government decided to send the Indian divisions to France in order to reinforce the B.E.F. that had recently been forced to withdraw after Mons. Meanwhile, the Lahore Division was already on its way to the front. Its new destination was Marseilles, where it arrived by the end of September. On its way to France, the Lahore Division left one of its brigades near the Suez Canal, and, as some units of the Jullundur Brigade only left India by the end of September, it was only the Ferozopore Brigade that was at its full strength.
From Marseilles the Indian troops went north, over Orleans. 47th Sikhs of Jullundur Brigade while moving up to the front reached near Saint-Omer on 20 October 1914. On 22 October 1914, the Ferozepore Brigade arrived in the “new-born” Ypres Salient. They were sent to the trenches between Hollebeke in the North and Messines in the South. The trenches were not an uninterrupted line then, but a series of loose trenches, without the complex system with saps, communication trenches etc. that we are to know later in the War.
The 1st Connaught Rangers - the British battalion that belonged to the Ferozepore Brigade - were the first to have their baptism of fire. The first Indian battalion that went into the firing line was the 57th Wilde’s Rifles (57th Wilde’s Rifles (Dera Ismail Khan): 2 Sikhs, 2 Dogras, 2 Punjabi Moslims, 2 Pathans) in the vicinity of Wijtschate - Oosttaverne. Later, the entire Lahore Division was involved. In fact, the British Indian Army Corps was only deployed twice in the Salient, but each time at very crucial moments, at the end of October 1914 during the 1st Battle of Ypres, and at the end of April 1915, during the 2nd Battle.
The 57th Wilde’s Rifles and the 129th Baluchis suffered heavy losses during the last two days of October 1914 (during the 1st battle of Ieper). The Wilde’s Rifles lost 300 men out of 750, the Baluchis had 240 men killed, wounded or taken as POWs. During the 2nd Battle of Ieper, the 47 Sikh Regiment fought alone on 27 April 1915 and lost 348 men out of a total of 444.
Dr. Johan Meire of Katholieke Universiteit (Belgium) wrote in his book Memories of first World War In and Around Ieper, "Between 24th April and 1st May 1915 in week’s time, the Lahore Division had lost 3,889 men, or 30 % of the troops it had employed. 'It is finished with (Lahore) division', writes wounded Ishar Singh on 1st May 1915 to a friend in India,' It appears on both sides there will be no survivals - then ( when there is no body ) peace will prevail” (page 352).
In about fourteen months the Indian Corps had lost 34,252 men (dead, wounded, ill, or prisoners of war) on the Western Front in France and Belgium. The Lahore Division consisted of:
Infantry
Ferozepore Brigade: 1st Connaught Rangers
57th Wilde’s Rifles
9th Bhopal Infantry
129th Duke of Connaught’s Own Baluchis
(April 1915: + 4th London)Jullundur Brigade: 1st Manchesters
15th Ludhiana Sikhs
47th Sikhs
59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)
(April 1915: - 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, + 4th Suffolks, + 40th Pathans)Sirhind Brigade 1/ Highland Light Infantry
1/1st Gurkhas
1/4th Gurkhas
125th Napiers Rifles
(April 1915: + 4/(King’s) Liverpool Regt, + 15th Ludhiana Sikhs)Divisional Troops
Artillery
15th Lancers (Cureton’s Multanis)
34th Sikh Pioneers
20th and 21st Companies Bombay Sappers and Miners
5th, 11th, 18th Brigades, RFA
109th Heavy BatteryField Ambulances
7th & 8th Field Ambulance (British)
111th, 112th & 113th Field Ambulance (Indian)
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| Menon Gate, Ieper, Belgium. | Author (right) laying Krans at the National Monument in Amsterdam, May 4, 1999 to commemorate the liberation day of Holland (May 4, 1945) |
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| Sikh delegation at the Dam, May 1999. | Sikhs from St. Truiden (Belgian Limburg) and from the Netherlands took part in the poppy parade at Ieper on November 11, 1998 to commemorate the Armistice Day ceasefire between Germans and the Allied Forces. |
